A Brief Note On The Civil War And The Beginning Of...

Vincent Vincent Afro American 133 Professor Toussaint Losier 10 March 2016 Midterm Exam Essay 1. Emancipation is now viewed as a process rather than a single act. Describe this process from the beginning of the Civil War to the beginning of Reconstruction. Who were the major players and what were their contributions to Emancipation? In particular, how did African Americans, both enslaved and free, push forward this process of emancipation? Introduction - Emancipation in General The election of President Abraham Lincoln on November 6, 1860, was seen as a new fresh air for most African American people back then. The emancipation proclamation was then declared on January 1, 1863 by President Lincoln in Washington D.C. President Lincoln in†¦show more content†¦Border states were supporting slaveries at the time and that was why slavery became an unavoidable issue along with the Civil War. Civil War The Civil War officially started on April 12, 1861, when the confederate troops attacked federal garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. Three days later on April 15, President Lincoln issued proclamation calling for troops to put down the rebellion. Generally, slavery was the primal cause of the civil war as Frederick Douglas said in the McPherson’s book, â€Å"The simple way, then, to put an end to the savage and desolating war now waged by the slaveholders, is to strike down slavery itself, the primal cause of that war.† Generally, the Civil War was caused from the different views of slavery between the North and South. Later on, Southern states decided to secede and caused many slaves to escape from South to North, which then triggered the war even worse. In the beginning of the war, North was not really agree with the idea of African American people fighting in the war. However, it came to a point where the North was lack of soldiers and powers. The decision to in clude African American to the troops then was inevitable. While the majority of black troops in the South were slave, in the North, the black troops were free blacks. In fact, the presence of African American did change the war map. Black troops proved their determination and willingness to fight in the war, which was reflected from the Massachusetts 54th and 55th

Unit 412 Equality And Diversity - 1324 Words

UNIT 412: EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY IN HEALTH, SOCIAL CARE OR CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S SETTING The Equality Act became law on the 1st of October, 2010, replacing prior legislation such as the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Broadly, it ensures regularity in what employers and employees are required to do to make their workplaces a fair environment, conform and abide with the law, defining the nine protected characteristics, Age, Disability, Gender reassignment, Marriage and civil partnership, Pregnancy and maternity, Race, Religion or belief, Sex, Sexual orientation . It comprises of three sets of main guides which in summary, stipulates the following ; †¢ Equality and Discrimination: understand the basics – This identifies with and outlines the essentials of what employers, and employees and their representatives need to know, and must and should do to make their workplaces a fair environment and act in accordance with equality law. †¢ Prevent discrimination: support equality – This sector of the act explains where discrimination is most likely to occur in the workplace and how to stop it happening †¢ Discrimination: what to do if it happens - is a step-by-step guide covering how an employee should raise a complaint of discrimination and how an employer should handle it. The above guides not only relate to the workplace, but can also be applied to the society at large and within the adult support work role. Within the role of work of anShow MoreRelatedBoard Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors11390 Words   |  46 Pages218 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Board Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors* Nicholas van der Walt** and Coral Ingley Exploring the appointment of directors of different professional backgrounds, levels of independence, age, gender and ethnicity, this paper develops a taxonomy describing what is meant by diversity on the board and its implications for decision-making. 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Bottom lines Essay Example For Students

Bottom lines Essay When TCG published its first annual economic survey in 1974, new theatres were springing up in every corner of the country; playing to expanding subscription audiences; touring their work widely; providing employment for a growing number of artists; attracting support from individuals, foundations, corporations, federal and state arts agencies. Acknowledging that the arts represented a valuable cultural and economic asset, community leaders vied to attract artists, and built theatre districts and cultural centers to house them. These districts and centers promised to provide stimulating community gathering places, alternatives to the suburban shopping mall, where people of all stripes could come together in a shared cultural experience. Those were the glory days of the arts, born of the vision of John Kennedy, the action of Lyndon Johnson, and, perhaps ironically, the political support of Richard Nixon (and his superb Arts Endowment appointee, Nancy Hanks). But it was people at the local level who made it happen. In the otherwise grim picture reflected in Barbara Janowitzs Theatre Facts 92 report in this issue, its still people in towns and cities across America who provide hope for the future of the theatre. And it is to them that government and philanthropic leaders should look for cues in developing arts policy. This years survey reveals some very disturbing trendstrends that would jeopardize the existence of all our theatre institutions if they become chronic patterns. * Jobs: Institutional downsizing is seriously diminishing opportunities for full-time employment in our highly labor-intensive field. * Economic Impact: Theatres scrambled to compensate for the first-ever loss of subscribers by selling more single tickets, but the loss of committed patrons who sign on to see all the plays of the theatre season may have serious ramifications for future attendance levels, fostering market-driven programming, while forcing theatres to spend scarce resources on much more costly show-by-show marketing. Arts institutions serve as magnets for patrons of local businesses, which would be compromised by losses in theatre attendance. * Outreach: The devastating 40 percent drop in touring performances in just two years reveals that our primarily urban-based theatres are no longer able to serve audiences in regions that may have no other access to professional theatre. And, as theatre economics force ticket prices up, theatre may become inaccessible to younger and less affluent audience membersat the very time many theatres are reaching out to new and more diverse audiences. * Artistic Growth: Theatres have experienced a more than 60 percent decline in developmental activityworkshops, staged readings and other play development programsover the past five years. Without the ability to nurture artists and incubate new work, theatres could simply become museums for the work of the pastor worse, centers of mediocrity. We have never had a more talented pool of American artists. But many theatres have had to decrease cast sizes, turn away unsolicited manuscripts, reduce production budgetsall diminishing the possibility of fulfilling the artists vision. No wonder we are witnessing a talent drain to more lucrative fields of film and television. After three decades, the nonprofit professional theatre movement should have progressed beyond talk of survival. We must now reexamine how nonprofit theatres do business, how artists careers develop, how boards function and how the private and public sectors support the arts. Some important initial steps: Government agencies, foundations and corporations should reexamine their funding policies, recognizing (as a recent Grantmakers in the Arts survey points out) the crucial need for general operating support to keep theatres secure in their primary missions. Recognizing the arts as an important investment in our future, the Clinton Administration and Congress should support the goals of the NEA and increase its small but vital appropriation. They should also reconsider the recent reallocation of NEA program funds to state arts agencies, now that Theatre Facts 92 clearly illustrates that theatres have experienced severe cuts from both state and federal sources under this new formula. At the same time, individual artists and artistic directors must join together for an in-depth exploration of ways to advance the art formto reverse the talent drain, nurture American theatre artists, provide for organizational stability. TCGs five-year long-range plan includes a blueprint for just such a process. (This National Theatre Think Tank project awaits only the funds to make it a reality, as TCG, too, struggles to balance its budget while launching new initiatives.) The complex pattern of support that ensures the survival of the nonprofit arts is unique, depending not on major government subsidies, but on a combination of earnings, private contributions and government grants, along with certain privileges accorded to tax-exempt organizations. Soon, as federal officials consider legislative solutions to our current economic crisis, a number of actions could affect the artsincluding the possible elimination of nonprofit postal subsidies (a lifeline to theatres direct-mail marketing and fund-raising), and at least four separate tax measures that could affect private giving incentives. Should these be resolved in ways unfavorable to nonprofit theatres, the combined impact could prove draconian. The good news in Theatre Facts 92 reveals that support of the arts begins with the people at the local level: attendance levels didnt fall despite a crippling recession and rising ticket prices; contributions from individuals rose more than 10 percent; city and county governments demonstrated local support by increasing funding by more than 7 percent in spite of financial stress. This is evidence that the electorate places importance on the arts; ways must be found to protect the fragile economy of the arts while we go about the business of getting our nations economy back on track.

Safety glasses analysis Essay Example

Safety glasses analysis Essay The surface finish of the glasses and texture is smooth and polished and the shape of the glasses is suitable to the task. However the overall style and image is unattractive and the aesthetic qualities could be greatly improved. This product is well suited to its purpose as the product is made of a hard material that is not easily broken or shattered. The safety glasses can be adjusted to suit the wearer and are adaptable to all environments in the workshop. This set of goggles are very attractive and aesthetically pleasing, also they are very well constructed and impact resistant therefore they fit their purpose very well. The head strap is adjustable and made of a flexible comfortable material that moulds to the contours of the wearers head. The design of these goggles is very modern and streamlined. They are nicely shaped and very colourful. The lens is tinted and looks nice as well as helping youre the view of the wearer when underwater The Freedo race Swimming Goggles have an angled lens which is designed to reduce the head movement of the swimmer. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety glasses analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safety glasses analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safety glasses analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These swimming goggles have a split silicone strap with a self adjusting nose bridge, to enable the swimmer to fit their swimming goggles properly. Welding lenses are an essential safety feature in the welding industry, where sudden flares and intense light can cause eye damage and irritation. It is important for any welder to learn how to select, maintain and equip welding lenses. This lens is easily the most effective because of it protection range and its ability to be easily replaced and maintained.

Economic environment Privatisation

This is the process of selling public assets to private business owners under the set rules and regulations. Privatisation of state enterprises has drawbacks and merits to the business workers, entrepreneurs, the state and the consumers in the market. During the process of privatisation, there are regulations that govern the act.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic environment: Privatisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages of privatising state enterprises Lower prices and greater supply Private sectors have enough incentives to help them reduce the cost of production compared to the public sectors. The reason to engage in business in order to realise better profit margins as in the case of private sectors forces them to reduce the production costs, which results to lower prices in the market. This has therefore made consumers access a variety of products at low prices (Kodrzycki 1994). Source of revenue to the government Through privatisation, the government receives funds for developing public projects such as the construction of roads and hospitals. The government is therefore able to obtain enough capital by selling the property rather than operating the business, which could not be making profit (Kodrzycki 1994). Competition In private sectors, there is competition, which leads to production of high quality goods and services. Private sectors are able to employ many people at the same cost compared to public organizations and this improves the work done and reduces the production cost. Competition has also enabled consumers to access a variety of products in the market since each company would want to attract customers, which is not the case in monopoly markets (Kodrzycki 1994). Due to privatisation, the government is free from the risks of management since it hands it over to the private company. The company therefore takes the responsibility of handling customers†™ complaints concerning the products and services. Disadvantages Employment Due to privatisation, many employees lose their jobs or end up being paid lowly. This is because private sectors will always want to cut down the production cost to make profit and this affects the employees. At times, the government may hand over the organization to the company without clear performance specifications of the employees as well as methods of evaluating them and this may affect the employees (Kodrzycki 1994). Loss of public revenue Due to privatisation, a state can easily lose its revenue by selling their properties at a loss. Before selling the property, the states should carry out enough research to determine the future trend of the property in question in the market (Kodrzycki 1994).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Privatisation has led to inadequate provision of products and serv ices to the public. This happens when the private company realises that it makes no profit out of the business and this leads to the closing down of the entire business or part of the business, which is not generating good profit margins. At times the quality of products, which was expected to increase, remains the same and prices shoot up if there is no competition in the market since the company aims at making profits and not serving the public (Kodrzycki 1994). Before liberalisation, the public services regulated all the process in the production of products as well as the delivery of services but after privatisation, the form of regulation shifted from controlling the whole issue into controlling the chain of supply. After privatisation, the governmental authorities regulate the operation of the company through issuing of licences to private companies and signing of contracts to ensure that the company is managed fairly to serve the public. Corporate governance Due to privatisat ion, states have formed corporate governance, which informs organisations about the ethics of running their businesses and how to work with their stakeholders as well as the government in achieving their goals. Corporate governance has therefore become an issue of concern due to the following reasons. The worldwide privatisation wave Privatisation has become common in most states such as Europe, U.K, and Asia and in many other states across the world. Privatisation programmes have therefore contributed to the growth of the economy in the various states and this has raised awareness on how the privatised companies should be owned and managed. Privatisation came as result of creating democracy in the field of business by sharing the shares. The government therefore holds bigger shares in the companies to be able to control the practices of the company for the public to benefit. Through such practices, the interests of the small shareholders are protected and the role of stock market i s realised (Minow Monks 1995). Pension funds and active investors Through the growth of pension plan schemes, many people have channelled their savings into such plans and this has raised the issue of corporate governance. This has therefore created a pool of investors from different parts, which calls for the application of business ethics for them to continue running. The issue of capital equity has been another reason why corporate governance has become relevant in the business world (Minow Monks 1995) Scandals and failures in some of the U.S corporations Due to the series of scandals about the U.S corporations, many people were forced to move out of the business since they could not have trust in some of the market dealings. Some of the issues, which raised concern, were such as the accounting irregularities where companies overstated their earnings and gave some misleading information, which was availed to investors leading to cases of fraud in the organizations (Minow Monks 1995).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic environment: Privatisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 1998 East Asia/Russia/ Brazil crisis During the 1998 crisis in East Asia the market was not favourable for the small investors due to weak corporate governance. This led to the reassessment of the operations in privatised organizations as well as the financial management of industries in the upper hierarchy and how they were operating in the market. After the analysis, it was concluded that macro-management could not sustain the smooth running of organizations in the market and this has led to the formation of the detailed structural policies to govern the market like in the case of the International Monetary Fund, which impose conditions that are beyond the usual funding policy (Minow Monks 1995). Due to such issues, there was need for good corporate governance for the business environment to be con ducive. Good corporate governance therefore seeks to govern the whole process in organizations by ensuring that the rules and regulations set to manage the internal and external practices cater for the interests of all stakeholders. Changing demand patterns In any business environment, suppliers will always supply what consumers need in the market. Consumer’s demand changes lead to challenges and opportunities to suppliers, as they will always strive to satisfy the needs for their consumers. In the European countries, especially the Western part markets are said to be competent in food supply since they are able to meet the consumer’s demand changes in food products (Livingstone 2011). The market for food production in the European markets is faced with consumer complexity choices under the influence of the quality of the product, price and the income generated by the products. In trying to achieve the quality required by the consumers the following factors are conside red and in return, they have created benefits both to the consumers and to the suppliers. Health Since consumers are much aware of the effects of eating certain foods to their health, they have therefore resulted to eating foods with low fats and suppliers have been able to meet their demands hence creating a healthy environment by controlling some of the cardiovascular diseases, which result from poor eating habits. On the other hand, it has been a challenge to manufacturers since they have to use health criteria in their companies, which is an extra cost and time consuming to achieve the desired quality (Bech Grunert 2003). Sensory This is in reference to taste, smell and appearance of the products. Due to certain requirements by the consumers in Europe, companies have the opportunity of differentiating their products to meet the requirements of the customers hence a chance to become competitive in the market. Due to such competitions, some companies on the other hand fail to mee t the requirements leading to lack of customers (Bech Grunert 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demand of organic food The increased demand for organic products in the market has led to many companies changing the type of products they offer in the market. They have therefore started producing organic products hence contributed to the increased growing organic crops to serve the manufacturing companies. This has created more opportunities for other companies to engage in their businesses to improve living standards for their consumers (Livingstone 2011). Process Consumers may have interest on the process used in manufacturing certain products into finished goods even though the process does not create any difference in the products. Such consumers are therefore ready to pay extra charges for the process involved during the production process and this enables the companies to earn revenue as well as increasing their profit margins (Livingstone 2011). Due to the increased changing demand patterns by consumers in the market, retailers should keep close and proactive relations wit h the consumers to be able to gather the necessary information concerning the future demands of the market. The relationship should therefore be maintained throughout the chain to ensure that producers and manufactures are well informed about the requirements of the market to supply what is needed (Bech Grunert 2003). World Trade Organization Due to globalisation in the economic sector, countries across the world have joined effort to trade together. Foreign trade has therefore led to the introduction of authorities that govern the smooth running of the business among the different countries across the globe. Some of the organizations have been formed such as the World Trade Organizations, which help its registered members to trade fairly with ease, and freedom. Countries join the WTO to access the world market with the aim of improving their domestic economic as well as reforming their institutions to attract more investors to improve the economy (Angkeara 2012). Membership of Wor ld Trade Organization therefore has raised a number of opportunities as well as challenges to its members. For instance, the entry of Cambodia into the WTO has culminated to several benefits as well as posed great challenges to the country. The challenges include: Accessibility to the world market Through its registration in the WTO, the country has been able to access the world economy, which has enabled it to increase its exports to the foreign countries hence increased direct foreign investments. The country is therefore able to operate freely without any discrimination because there are rules and regulations in the system that protects it. This has been the case therefore in most registered developing countries across the world. Its registration in the WTO has led to improved living standards among the people in Cambodia (Angkeara 2012). Dispute settlement mechanisms Being a member of WTO the country is protected against violations in the market especially from the developed cou ntries. The dispute settlement scheme in the WTO is effective in dealing with the international trade disputes since it offers security as well as predicting the economic issues of the registered countries. This enables Cambodia, which is a small and vulnerable economy to operate in the foreign market under the agreed system of operation since it can easily influence decisions with the partners they trade with through the ruling system provided (Angkeara 2012). Better governance and credibility Before the entry into the WTO, Cambodia faced bad governance where there were illegal monopolies as well as corruption since there were no measures in place to control trade. The WTO has therefore improved credibility and governance of the country’s economy through the commercial policy, which introduced credibility in the country and made it easier for the foreign countries to access the exporters and producers in Cambodia (Angkeara 2012). On the other hand, Cambodia has faced some ch allenges as a country due to its entry into the WTO. The challenges are: Legal and judicial system reforms The country has been forced to commit itself to the legal and judicial reforms in order to survive in the WTO. Some of the reforms are like the establishment of the commercial court to implement the laws and regulations set by WTO, and this has forced the country to align its institutional policy with that of the WTO. This is a challenge because if the set institutions are managed poorly the economy of Cambodia will be affected resulting to poor living standards in the country (Angkeara 2012). Competition The WTO has led to increased competition among its members since there are increased imports and exports, which lead to the availability of products and services in the market at reduced prices. In this case, the Cambodian industries face stiff competition from the foreign countries because its production cost is high compared to other industries and this may lead to the cross ing down of some industries (Angkeara 2012). Protected trade related aspects of intellectual rights To access the WTO the intellectual property rights have to be implemented to protect the authors, brands as well as names of products and this will affect the education in Cambodia as well as the human resource of the country. In this case, learners will not access original books due to high prices imposed on the books and this will affect the learning of many people hence lack of labor in the future (Angkeara 2012). Tariff on agricultural products and the small farmers The access to WTO has forced Cambodia to stop imposing high tariffs on the agricultural products as well as ensuring that the small farmers are protected. In Cambodia, the agricultural sector is mainly for the small farmers and they are the people that contribute a lot to the economy (Angkeara 2012). For Cambodia to enjoy the benefits derived from WTO the country has to experience the challenges. Pricing strategy in re lation to the market Pricing strategy in business is the act of setting prices for the new products in the market or changing prices of the already existing products. The strategy relies heavily on the market positioning to set the prices. Companies therefore do not have steady prices for their products since the prices are set depending on the following factors: Geographical pricing Customers in different geographical settings may experience variation on the price of products since companies may charge higher prices for customers who are far from them since they will incur the shipping costs for them to recover the expenses. At times, companies set lower prices for the products if they want people to be familiar with them. They will therefore be forced to sell the products at low price compared to the normal price and increase the prices later once consumers have developed interest towards the products (Morris Morris 1990). Competition in the market When pricing, companies conside r whether there are other companies offering same products in the market or not. In monopolistic businesses, the company may set higher prices to increase profit compared to oligopolistic businesses where the prices may be cheaper due to competition. This therefore brings the idea of discounts and allowances in the business even though they are tricky if not well handled. Discounts and allowances are very common in a competitive environment for companies to attract customers (Morris Morris 1990). Demand of consumers in the market Pricing strategy heavily depends on the demand of consumers in the market. The prices are set depending on the number of consumers and the frequency at which the consumers need the products. The frequency at which products move in the market affects their price. For instance if the demand of the product in the market is high the price of the product tends to be high but if the demand of the product by consumers is low the price becomes low (Morris Morris 1990). Market segmentation requirements In business, companies will always adjust their prices to accommodate the various categories of customers as well as the various locations where the product is being sold. Price discrimination therefore is the selling of similar products at different prices. For instance, prices of beverages such as sodas are never similar when purchased in a fast-food restaurant and in a hotel. The location of the market therefore affects the pricing of products and services (Morris Morris 1990). The purchase timing also affects the pricing of products in the market. This can be experienced in situation like purchasing items at late night where prices will be higher as compared to daytime. Hotels also tend to offer different prices for their services such that during weekends, prices are higher than weekdays and this is in relation to the number of customers available. For price discrimination to materialise, the segments in the market should be well defined to ensure that the prices are maintained. For example, ensuring that people at the lower segment are not purchasing products from their area and selling them to those in the upper segment (Morris Morris 1990). Due to the factors discussed, the pricing strategy for products depends on the market demands. Business cycles In economics, business cycles are defined as the irregular periods in the economy when there are challenges in the business environment, which are realised through the fluctuations in the macroeconomic activities. The irregular periods are experienced during the expansion of the economy, when there is a slowdown in the economy, when the economy is at the peak and when the economy is doine well after it had slowed down (Todd 2009). A recession affects the suppliers in the economy as well as the consumers of the products. During recession, people tend to save the little money they have since there is the fear that they may lose their jobs and by increasing the investm ents and the recession tends to be worse. Businesses, government and the central bank behave differently during the recession period (Todd 2009). During the recession period, the government tries to revive the economy by expanding the monetary policy or reforming the fiscal policy. The government therefore spends its resources trying to improve the economy of the country or expanding the monetary policy by encouraging the central bank to lend money to businesses for individuals to acquire money to spend. This therefore means that the purchasing of the government bonds by the central bank increase as well as the circulation of money in the economy for people to spend (Todd 2009). The central bank encourages businesses to borrow money from banks to run the businesses to increase the spending of money in the economy. The central bank therefore offers loans at reduced interest rates as a way of attracting the businesses to borrow. As much as this happens, the recession does not end inst antly because such reduced rates are only felt after a period of one year. The lower reserves offered by the government to central bank increase the lending of money to expand the businesses as well as increasing the investments (Todd 2009). Customers in businesses tend to cut down their expenditures on products and services due to lack of money to purchase or due to increased investments, which results from job insecurity. This is because individuals feel that they may lose their jobs any time since companies may close down due to recession in the economy. Businesses therefore order less because they make fewer sales or sometimes when they predict a recession even before the consumers start purchasing less, they reduce the purchases leading to less withdrawal from the banks. Companies are therefore encouraged to borrow loans from banks at lower rates of interest to expand the businesses as well as enabling individuals to access money to spend (Todd 2009). The government’s ac tion during recession is not enough. It should create better policies to control such incidents such as lending loans at fair interest rates not to affect the economy, adjust its regulations as well as spending moderately to curb such situations in the future. References Angkeara, B 2012, The opportunities and challenges to the WTO accession, via The case of Cambodia. Bech T Grunert G 2003, ‘The perceived wholesomeness of functional foods: A conjoint study of Danish, Finnish and American consumer’s perception of functional foods’, Appetite, vol. 40, pp. 9-14. Kodrzycki, Y 1994, Privatization of local government services: Lessons for New England, viewed May/June 1994, via New England Economic Review. Livingstone, J 2011, Against thrift: Why consumer culture is good for the economy, the environment, and your soul. Praeger: New York. Minow, N Monks, R 1995, Corporate governance, Blackwell, Oxford. Morris, F Morris, M 1990), Market-oriented pricing: Strategies fo r management, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport. Todd, A 2009, Recessions and depressions: Understanding business cycles, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport. This essay on Economic environment: Privatisation was written and submitted by user L10nel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Celebrating Columbus Day

Celebrating Columbus Day The second Monday in October is designated in the United States as Columbus Day. This day commemorates Christopher Columbus first sighting of the Americas on October 12, 1492. Columbus Day as a federal holiday, though, was not officially recognized until 1937. Early Commemorations of Columbus The first recorded ceremony commemorating the Italian  explorer, navigator, and colonizer  in America was in 1792. It was  300 years after his famous first voyage in 1492, the first of four voyages he made across the Atlantic with the backing of Spains Catholic monarchs. To honor Columbus, a ceremony was held in New York  City and a monument was dedicated to him in Baltimore. In 1892, a statue of Columbus was raised on New York Citys Columbus Avenue. The same year, replicas of Columbus three ships were displayed at the  Columbian Exposition  held in Chicago. Creating Columbus Day Italian-Americans were key in the creation of Columbus Day. Beginning on October 12, 1866, New York Citys Italian population organized a celebration of the Italian explorers  discovery of America. This annual celebration spread to other cities, and by 1869 there was also  a Columbus Day in San Francisco. In 1905, Colorado became the first state to observe an official Columbus Day. Over time other states followed, until 1937 when President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed every October 12 as Columbus Day. In 1971, the US Congress officially designated the date of the annual federal holiday as the second Monday in October. Current Celebrations Since Columbus Day is a designated federal holiday, the post office, government offices, and many banks are closed. Many cities across America stage parades that day. For example, Baltimore claims to have the Oldest Continuous Marching Parade in America celebrating Columbus Day. Denver held its 101st Columbus Day parade in 2008. New York holds a Columbus Celebration that includes a parade down Fifth Avenue and a mass at St. Patricks Cathedral. In addition, Columbus Day is also celebrated in other parts of the world including some cities in Italy and Spain, along with parts of Canada and Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico has its own public holiday on November 19 celebrating Columbus discovery of the island.   Critics of Columbus Day In 1992, leading up to the 500th anniversary of Columbus sighting of the Americas, many groups voiced their opposition to celebrations honoring Columbus, who  completed four voyages with Spanish crews on Spanish ships across the Atlantic Ocean. On his first voyage to the New World, Columbus arrived in the Caribbean islands. But he mistakenly believed that he had reached East India and that the Taino, the indigenous people he found there, were East Indians. In a later voyage, Columbus captured more than 1,200 Taino and sent them to Europe as slaves. The Taino also suffered at the hands of the Spanish, former crew members on his ships who remained on the islands and used the Taino people as forced laborers, punishing them with torture and death if they resisted. The Europeans also unwittingly passed on their diseases to the Taino, who had no resistance to them. The terrible combination of forced labor and devastating new diseases would wipe out the entire population of Hispaniola in 43 years. Many people cite this tragedy as the reason why Americans should not be celebrating Columbus accomplishments. Individuals and groups continue to speak out against and protest Columbus Day celebrations.

Developments of DNA profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Developments of DNA profiles - Essay Example g of the PCR primers are efficient and reliable forensic DNA analysis techniques as there is a inverse correlation between the number of polymorphic loci examined and the probability of identical alleles in two individuals. Developing DNA profiles for the identification of individuals who are unknown or identifiable or victims of accidents, calamities, crimes, and disasters using automated STR multiplex kits that rely on spectral resolution using different colored fluorescent dyes to label the overlapping loci due the presence of alleles that fall in the same size range has proven to be one of the most innovative methods. In fact, the polyacrylamide gels that are used in STR can resolve DNA fragments that differ by as little as 1 nucleotide in length and this precise allele designation eliminates the need for match guidelines and continuous allele distribution models that are usually needed in conventional DNA profiling methods The genes are the smaller portions of the DNA that produce a particular product, such as protein. They are particularly useful in the process for profiling. Other portions of the DNA whose functions are not determined yet are called â€Å"spacer or packer DNA between the genes† (DNA Profiling n.d., p. 2). These areas are called minisatellites while the smaller repetitive sequences are called as microsatellites (e.g. 4 base pairs). Short Tandem Repeats or STRs determine the number of times the sequence is repeated. Though identification is prohibitive in developing countries where the technology is quite expensive due to extensive processing, these countries usually send DNA samples to developed countries for analysis and profiling. (Lehman & Criscuolo 2009, p. 1). The Short Tandem Repeat or STR process of identification is said to be the new methodology is DNA profiling (DNA Profiling n.d., p. 3). The STR loci are said to be the â€Å"informative genetic markers† for DNA profiling currently in use, even for the degraded samples (Budowlea,